Ap Statistics Textbook 6th Edition

Are you taking AP Statistics? If so, you're probable wondering what to expect from the AP Statistics exam. Earlier y'all sit down down to accept the terminal exam, it'due south important to understand how the AP Stats test is formatted, what topics it will cover, and how it'll be scored.

This guide will explain all of that information, show you official sample problems and give y'all tips on the best way to prepare for the AP Statistics test.

In 2022, the AP Statistics exam will take place on Thursday, May fifth at 12:00pm.

How Is the AP Statistics Exam Structured?

How long is the AP Statistics examination? The test is a full of three hours long and contains two sections: multiple choice and free response. You're allowed a graphing calculator for the entire exam.

Multiple-Option Section

40 multiple-choice questions
90 minutes long
Worth 50% of test score
You can spend an average of a little more than two minutes on each multiple-pick question and stop the department in fourth dimension.

Free-Response Section

5 short-answer questions
i Investigative Chore
90 minutes long
Worth fifty% of examination score
The five short-answer questions are meant to each be solved in about 12 minutes, and the Investigative Job is meant to exist solved in about 30 minutes.

What Does the AP Statistics Test Test You On?

The content of the AP Stats exam and grade is centered around nine units. Beneath are the 9 units, along with what pct of the examination will exist on them and all the topics that fall beneath each of them. Each unit of measurement starts with an "introducing statistics" question that'll be answered throughout the unit. The list beneath covers every single topic that the AP Statistics exam could test you on.

Unit ane: Exploring One-Variable Data (15-23% of exam)

Introducing statistics: What can we learn from data?
Variables
Representing a categorical variable with tables
Representing a chiselled variable with graphs
Representing a quantitative variable with tables
Describing the distribution of a quantitative variable
Summary statistics for a quantitative variable
Graphical representations of summary statistics
Comparison distributions of a quantitative variable
The normal distribution

Unit of measurement 2: Exploring Ii-Variable Data (5-vii% of examination)

Introducing statistics: Are variables related?
Representing two categorical variables
Statistics for two categorical variables
Representing the human relationship between ii quantitative variables
Correlation
Linear regression models
Residuals
To the lowest degree squares regression
Analyzing departures from linearity

Unit three: Collecting Data (12-15% of exam)

Introducing statistics: Practice the data we collected tell the truth?
Introduction to planning a written report
Random sampling and data collection
Potential problems with sampling
Introduction to experimental design
Selecting an experimental design
Inference and experiments

Unit 4: Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions (10-20% of examination)

Introducing statistics: Random and non-random patterns?
Estimating probabilities using simulation
Introduction to probability
Mutually exclusive events
Conditional probability
Independent events and unions of events
Introduction to random variables and probability distributions
Mean and standard departure of random variables
Combining random variables
Introduction to the binomial distribution
Parameters for a binomial distribution
The geometric distribution

Unit 5: Sampling Distributions (7-12% of exam)

Introducing statistics: Why is my sample not like yours?
The normal distribution, revised
The Primal Limit Theorem
Biased and unbiased point estimates
Sampling distributions for sample proportions
Sampling distributions for differences in sample proportions
Sampling distributions for sample means
Sampling distributions for differences in sample means

Unit 6: Inference for Categorical Data: Proportions (12-15% of test)

Introducing statistics: Why be normal?
Constructing a confidence interval for a population proportion
Justifying a claim based on a confidence interval for a population proportion
Setting up a test for a population proportion
Interpreting p-values
Concluding a exam for a population proportion

Unit 7: Inference for Quantitative Data: Means (10-18% of test)

Introducing statistics: Should I worry about error?
Constructing a confidence interval for a population hateful
Justifying a claim about a population mean based on a conviction interval
Setting up a test for a population mean
Carrying out a exam for a population hateful

Unit of measurement 8: Inference for Chiselled Data: Chi-Foursquare (2-5% of test)

Introducing statistics: Are my results unexpected?
Setting up a chi-square goodness of fit test
Carrying out a chi-foursquare test for goodness of fit
Expected counts in 2-way tables
Setting upwardly a chi-foursquare test for homogeneity or independence
Carrying out a chi-foursquare test for homogeneity or independence
Skills focus: Selecting an appropriate inference process for categorical data

Unit of measurement nine: Inference for Quantitative Data: Slopes (2-v% of exam)

Introducing statistics: Do those points marshal?
Confidence intervals for the gradient of a regression model
Justifying a merits virtually the slope of a regression model based on a conviction interval
Setting upward a test for the slope of a regression model
Conveying out a test for the slope of a regression model
Skills focus: Selecting an advisable inference procedure

AP Statistics Sample Questions

Every bit we mentioned above, there are three types of questions on the AP Stats examination: multiple choice, short reply, and investigative job. Below are examples of each question type. You tin can see more sample questions and reply explanations in the AP Statistics Course Clarification.

Multiple-Pick Sample Question

At that place are 40 multiple-choice questions on the examination. Each has five reply options. Some questions will exist accompanied past a chart or graph y'all need to analyze to answer the question.

Brusk-Answer Sample Question

There are v short-answer questions on the AP Stats test. Each of these questions typically includes several dissimilar parts you lot need to reply. You're expected to spend about 12 minutes on each brusk-answer question.

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Investigative Task Sample Question

The final question on the exam is the Investigative Task question. This is the nigh in-depth question on the examination, and you should spend near 30 minutes answering information technology. It volition have multiple parts you need to answer and crave multiple statistics skills. Y'all'll likewise need to provide a detailed explanation of your answers that shows the strength of your statistics skills. Be certain to show all your work as you'll be graded on the completeness of your answer.

How Is the AP Statistics Exam Graded?

For the multiple-choice office of the examination, y'all earn one indicate for each question you answer correctly. In that location are no point deductions for incorrect answers or questions yous get out blank. Official AP graders will grade your gratuitous-response questions. Each of the six gratuitous-response questions is scored on a calibration of 0 to 4 points, so the total section is out of 24 points.

The complimentary-response questions are graded holistically, which means, instead of getting a point or half a indicate for each bit of right information you include, graders expect at your respond to each question as a "complete parcel," and your course is awarded on the overall quality of your reply. The grading rubric for each gratuitous-response question is:

4: Complete Response: Shows consummate agreement of the problem'due south statistical components

3: Substantial Response: May include arithmetic errors, but answers are all the same reasonable and prove substantial agreement of the problem's statistical components

two: Developing Response: May include errors that result in some unreasonable answers, but shows some understanding of the problem's statistical components

ane: Minimal Response: Misuses or fails to use appropriate statistical techniques and shows only a limited understanding of statistical components by failing to identify important components

0: No Response: Shows picayune or no agreement of statistical components

What does holistic grading mean for you? Basically, you lot tin can't expect to earn many points by including a few correct equations or arithmetic answers if you're missing central statistical analysis. You need to show y'all sympathize how to use stats to become a good score on these questions.

Estimating Your AP Statistics Score

If y'all take a practise AP Stats examination (which you should!) you'll desire to become an estimate of what your score on information technology is so you tin go an thought of how well you'd do on the real examination. To estimate your score, you'll need to practice a few calculations.

#1: Multiply the number of points you lot got on the multiple-choice department by 1.25

#two: For free-response questions 1 through 5, add the number of points you got together and multiply that sum by 1.875 (don't circular). If yous need help estimating your score, the official costless-response questions we linked to above include sample responses to assist you get an idea of the score you lot'd get for each question.

#3: For free-response question #6, multiply your score by 3.125.

#4: Add the scores you got in steps one-iii together to get your Composite Score.

For example, say y'all got xxx questions correct on the multiple-choice section, 13 points on questions ane-5, and ii points on question half-dozen. Your score would exist (xxx x 1.25) + (13 ten one.875) + (ii x 3.125) = 68.125 which rounds to 68 points. Past looking at the chart below, y'all can see that'd get yous a 4 on the AP Statistics test.

Below is a conversion nautical chart and then you can meet how raw score ranges translate into final AP scores. I've also included the percentage of students who earned each score in 2021 to give you an thought of what the score distribution looks like:

Composite Score	AP Score	Per centum of Students Earning Each Score (2021)
70-100	5	xvi.0%
57-69	four	20.0%
44-56	three	22.0%
33-43	2	17.0%
0-32	i	25.0%

Source: The Higher Board

Where Can You lot Find Practice AP Stats Tests?

Practise tests are an important part of your AP Stats prep. There are official and unofficial AP Stats practice tests available, although we e'er recommend official resources offset. Below are some of the all-time practise tests to utilize.

Official Practice Tests

2012 Consummate Practice Exam
1997 Complete Practice Test
Free-Response Questions 1998-2018 and 2019

To learn more most where to find AP Statistics practice tests and how to apply them, bank check out our complete guide to AP Statistics practice exams.

3 Tips for the AP Statistics Exam

In this section we go over iii of the most useful tips you tin can use when preparing for and taking the AP Statistics examination. Follow these and you're more probable to get a not bad score on the exam.

#1: For Costless Response, Answer the Entire Question

As nosotros mentioned before, free-response questions on AP Stats are graded holistically, which means you'll get ane score for the entire question. This is different from many other AP exams where each correct component you include in a complimentary-response question gets y'all a certain number of points, and those points are then added up to go your total score for that question.

The Stats free-response questions are graded holistically considering in that location are often multiple right answers in statistics depending on how you solve the problem and explain your reply. This means you can't just respond function of the question and look to get a practiced score, fifty-fifty if you've answered that function perfectly. If you've ignored a large part of the problem, your score will be low no matter what.

And so instead of trying to become a signal here and there past including a right formula or solving one part of a question, make sure you're looking at the unabridged problem and answering it as completely as possible. Also, if you need to include an explanation, be sure it explains your thought process and the steps you took. If your caption shows you understand important stats concepts, it could assist you get a higher score even if your final respond isn't perfect.

Aiming for the well-nigh complete response possible is also of import if you can't answer one part of a question that's needed to respond other parts. For instance, if y'all can't figure out what the answer to part A is, simply yous need to use that answer for parts B and C, just make up an answer (try to go along it logical), and use that answer to solve the other parts, or explain in detail how yous'd solve the problem if you knew what the reply to part A was. If you can show you know how to solve the latter problems correctly, you lot'll likely get some credit for showing you understand the stats concepts being tested.

#2: Know How to Utilise Your Calculator

Y'all'll need a graphing reckoner to reply pretty much every question on the Stats test, so make certain yous know how to use it. Ideally, the calculator yous use on test twenty-four hours volition be the same one you've been doing homework and taking tests with throughout the school yr so you know exactly how to apply information technology.

Knowing how to solve common stats functions on your calculator and translate the answers y'all get will save you a lot of time on the exam. Your calculator will likely be nearly useful on the multiple-choice section where you don't need to worry about showing work. Merely plug in the data you lot're given into your figurer, and run the right equations. Then you lot'll have your answer!

#3: Know Your Vocabulary

You may think that since AP Stats is a math course, vocab won't be an important part of the exam, just you need to know quite a few terms to practise well on this exam. Disruptive right- and left-skewed or random sampling and random resource allotment, for instance, could lead to you losing tons of points on the exam.

During the schoolhouse year, stay on tiptop of any new terms you lot learn in class. Making flashcards of the terms and quizzing yourself regularly is a great manner to stay up-to-engagement on vocab. Many AP Stats prep books besides include a glossary of important terms you tin can apply while studying.

Earlier the AP Stats test, you lot should know all important terms like the back of your hand. Having a general idea isn't good enough. A large function of stats is being able to back up your answers, and to exercise this you lot'll oftentimes need to use stats vocab in your explanations. Just stating the term won't earn you nearly every bit many points as beingness able to explicate what the term is and how it supports your respond, then make sure you lot actually know your vocab well.

Summary: Statistics AP Exam

The AP Statistics exam is three hours long and consists of 40 multiple-choice questions and six gratuitous-response questions. To prepare well for AP Stats exam questions, it's of import to take exercise exams and know how to class them and then you can estimate how well you'd practise on the bodily exam. When studying for the AP exam, recollect to reply the entire question for gratuitous response, know how to use your reckoner, and be on top of stats vocabulary.

What's Next?

Experience the need to do some quick reviewing after looking through what'll be covered on the AP Stats examination? Accept a spin through our guide to statistical significance to refresh yourself on how to run a t-exam.

How difficult is AP Stats compared to other AP classes? Go the answer by reading our guide to the hardest AP exams and classes.

Wondering which other math classes y'all should take besides statistics? Math is often the trickiest discipline to choose classes for, but our guide will assist you figure out exactly which math classes to take for each year of high school.

A prep volume tin be one of your best study resources for the AP Stats test. But which prep book should you choose? Cheque out our guide to AP Stats prep books to learn which is the all-time and which you should avoid.

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Most the Author

Christine graduated from Michigan Country University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Principal's from Knuckles University. In loftier school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.